Longevity Records
Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish

Birds

Table 2. Record Life Spans (years) of Birds

((+) indicates that individual was still alive at the time that life span was recorded)

Order/Family	Genus/Species	Common Name	Wild	Capt.	M/F	Reference
Anseriformes
Anatidae	Aix sponsa	Wood duck	17.6		m	[29]
	Aix sponsa	Wood duck	22.5		m	[78]
	Alopochen aegyptiacus	Egyptian goose		25.5	x	[50]
	Anas acuta	Common pintail	20.5		m	[29]
	Anas acuta	Northern pintail	21.3		m	[78]
	Anas americana	American wigeon	21.3		m	[29]
	Anas americana	American wigeon	9.0		x	[37]
	Anas clypeata	Northern shoveler	16.6		m	[29]
	Anas crecca	Green-winged teal	20.5		x	[29]
	Anas crecca	Green-winged teal	20.3		f	[29]
	Anas cyanoptera	Cinnamon teal	12.9		m	[29]
	Anas diazi	Mexican duck	5.5		m	[29]
	Anas discors	Blue-winged teal	17.4		m	[29]
	Anas discors	Blue-winged teal	22.3		f	[78]
	Anas fulvigula	Mottled duck	13.4		m	[29]
	Anas fulvigula	Mottled duck (+)	13.0	20.0	x	[132]
	Anas laysanensis	Laysan teal	11.8		f	[29]
	Anas penelope	Eurasian wigeon	8.6		m	[29]
	Anas penelope	Eurasian wigeon		6.4	x	[50]
	Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard	23.4		m	[29]
	Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard	29.0		x	[37]
	Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard	20.5		x	[90]
	Anas rubripes	American black duck	26.4		m	[29]
	Anas strepera	Gadwall	17.7		m	[29]
	Anas strepera	Gadwall		5.4	x	[50]
	Anas strepera	Gadwall	19.5		m	[78]
	Anas wyvilliana	Hawaiian duck	3.7		f	[78]
	Anser albifrons	Greater white-fronted goose	20.3		f	[29]
	Anser albifrons	White-fronted goose		27.8	x	[50]
	Anser albifrons	Greater white-fronted goose	22.3		m	[78]
	Anser albifrons	Greater white-fronted goose	22.3	47.0	f	[116]
	Anser brachyrhynchus	Pink-footed goose	22.0		x	[37]
	Anser caerulescens	Snow goose	26.6		x	[29]
	Anser caerulescens	Blue goose	19.5		x	[29]
	Anser caerulescens	Snow (blue) goose	24.5		x	[78]
	Anser canagica	Emperor goose	9.0		x	[17]
	Anser canagica	Emperor goose	6.3		f	[29]
	Anser domesticus	Domestic goose		31.0	x	[50]
	Anser fabalis	Bean goose		23.0	x	[50]
	Anser rossii	Ross’ goose	19.6		m	[29]
	Anser rossii	Ross’ goose	21.5		m	[78] [121]
	Aythya affinis	Lesser scaup	18.3		m	[29]
	Aythya americana	Redhead	21.4		x	[29]
	Aythya aythya	Canvasback	18.8		m	[29]
	Aythya collaris	Ring-necked duck	16.2		m	[29]
	Aythya collaris	Ring-necked duck	20.4		m	[78]
	Aythya marila	Greater scaup	18.3		m	[29]
	Aythya valisineria	Canvasback	22.4		m	[78]
	Branta bernicla	Atlantic brant	16.6		x	[29]
	Branta bernicla	Brent goose		21.8	x	[50]
	Branta bernicla hrota	(Atlantic) brant	21.6		f	[78]
	Branta bernicla nigricans	(Black) brant	25.8		m	[78]
	Branta canadensis	Canada goose	23.5		f	[29]
	Branta canadensis	Canada goose	24.3		m	[78]
	Branta nigricans	Black brant	19.6		f	[29]
	Bucephala albeola	Bufflehead	12.5		m	[29]
	Bucephala albeola	Bufflehead	14.9		m	[37]
	Bucephala albeola	Bufflehead	11.5		f	[37]
	Bucephala clangula	Common goldeneye	14.3		x	[29]
	Bucephala clangula	Common goldeneye	12.0		f	[40]
	Bucephala clangula	Common goldeneye	11.0		m	[40]
	Bucephala islandica	Barrow’s goldeneye	15.3		m	[29]
	Cereopsis novaehollandiae	Cape barren goose		28.1	x	[50]
	Clangula hyemalis	Oldsquaw	15.3		m	[29]
	Clangula hyemalis	Oldsquaw	15.6		f	[78]
	Cygnus buccinator	Trumpeter swan	23.8		m	[29]
	Cygnus buccinator	Trumpeter swan (+)		29.5		[50]
	Cygnus buccinator	Trumpeter swan	24.0	32.5	x	[76] [83]
	Cygnus c. columbianus	Tundra (whistling) swan (+)	19.7		f	[78]
	Cygnus columbianus	Whistling swan	16.2		f	[29]
	Cygnus columbianus	Tundra swan (+)	21.0		x	[88]
	Cygnus olor	Mute swan	13.3		f	[29]
	Cygnus olor	Mute swan (+)	21.0		x	[37]
	Cygnus olor	Mute swan	26.8		m	[78]
	Dendrocygna autumnalis	Black-bellied whistling duck	8.2		f	[29]
	Dendrocygna bicolor	Fulvous whistling duck	6.5		m	[29]
	Lophodytes cucullatus	Hooded merganser	11.3		f	[29]
	Lophodytes cucullatus	Hooded merganser	10.3		x	[38]
	Melanitta deglandi	White-winged scoter	11.7		f	[29]
	Melanitta fusca	White-winged scoter	12.0		x	[37]
	Melanitta fusca	White-winged scoter	15.6		f	[78]
	Mergus merganser	Common merganser	13.4		f	[29]
	Mergus serrator	Red-breasted merganser	5.4		x	[29]
	Oxyura australis	Australian blue-billed duck		16.0	x	[37]
	Oxyura jamaicensis	Ruddy duck	13.6		m	[29]
	Plectropterus gambensis	Spur-winged goose		11.3	x	[50]
	Polysticta stelleri	Stellar’s eider (+)	14.3		f	[78]
	Polysticta stelleri	Steller’s eider	12.3		m	[29]
	Somateria mollissima	Common eider	14.8		f	[29]
	Somateria mollissima	Common eider	21.3		f	[78]
	Somateria mollissima	Common eider	23.0		x	[37]
	Somateria spectabilis	King eider	18.9		f	[29]
	Tachyeres cinereus	Steamer duck		10.2	x	[50]
Apodiformes
Apodidae	Aeronautes sexatilis	White-throated swift	5.7		x	[30]
	Apus apus	Swift		21.0	x	[141]
	Chaertura vaux	Vaux’s swift	5.1		x	[30]
	Chaetura pelagica	Chimney swift	14.0		m	[30]
	Cypseloides niger	Black swift	6.0		x	[30]
Caprimulgiformes
Caprimulgidae	Caprimulgus vociferus	Whippoorwill	4.0		x	[30]
	Chordeiles minor	Common nighthawk	9.0		f	[30]
	Phalaenoptilus nuttallii	Common poorwill (+)	3.0		x	[35]
Casuariiformes
Casuariidae	Casuarius papuanus	Westermann’s cassowary		26.0	x	[50]
	Casuarius unappendiculatus	Blyth’s cassowary		22.0	x	[50]
Dromiceidae	Dromaius novaehollandiae	Emu (+)		10.0	x	[37]
	Dromaius n. hollandiae	Windsor emu		16.6	x	[50]
Charadriiformes
Alcidae	Aethia cristatella	Crested auklet	7.6		x	[73]
	Aethia pusilla	Least auklet	4.4		x	[72] [74]
	Alca torda	Razorbill	6.2		x	[29]
	Alca torda	Razorbill	6.4		x	[78]
	Cepphus columba	Pigeon guillemot	9.3		x	[29]
	Cepphus columba	Pigeon guillemot	14.0		x	[42]
	Cepphus columba	Pigeon guillemot	11.8		x	[78]
	Cepphus grylle	Black guillemot	12.1		f	[29]
	Cerorhinca monocerata	Rhinoceros auklet	6.2		x	[29]
	Cerorhinca monocerata	Rhinoceros auklet	7.4		x	[78]
	Fratercula arctica	Atlantic puffin	20.0		x	[78]
	Fratercula arctica	Atlantic puffin	13.2		x	[29]
	Fratercula cirrhata	Tufted puffin	6.0		x	[78]
	Ptychoramphus aleuticus	Cassin’s auklet	5.7		x	[29]
	Ptychoramphus aleuticus	Cassin’s auklet	10.2		x	[78]
	Ptychoramphus aleuticus	Cassin’s auklet (+)	6.0		x	[91]
	Synthliboramphus antiquus	Ancient murrelet	5.0		x	[29]
	Synthliboramphus antiquus	Ancient murrelet	4.4		x	[51]
	Synthliboramphus hypoleucus	Xantus’ murrelet	15.0		x	[28]
	Synthliboramphus hypoleucus	Xantus’ murrelet	9.8		x	[78]
	Uria aalge	Common murre	26.4		x	[29]
	Uria lomvia	Thick-billed murre	22.7		x	[29]
Charadriidae	Charadrius alexandrinus	Snowy plover	7.0		x	[29]
	Charadrius alexandrinus	Snowy plover (+)	11.0		x	[78]
	Charadrius alexandrinus	Snowy plover (+)	15.0		m	[107]
	Charadrius melodus	Piping plover	14.0		m	[29]
	Charadrius melodus	Piping plover	11.0		x	[144]
	Charadrius semipalmatus	Semipalmated plover	8.2		x	[29]
	Charadrius vociferus	Killdeer	10.9		x	[29]
	Pluvialis dominica	Lesser golden plover	4.8		x	[78]
	Pluvialis squatarola	Black-bellied plover	12.7		x	[29]
	Pluvialis squatarola	Black-bellied plover	20.3		x	[62]
Haematopodidae	Haematopus bachmani	Black oystercatcher	6.2		x	[29]
	Haematopus bachmani	Black oystercatcher	16.0		x	[115]
	Haematopus ostralegus	European oystercatcher	36.0		x	[102]
	Haematopus palliatus	American oystercatcher	14.0		x	[29]
	Haematopus palliatus	American oystercatcher	17.0		x	[104]
Laridae	Anous minutus	Black noddy	21.8		x	[78]
	Anous stolidus	Noddy tern	24.9		x	[29]
	Anous tenuirostris	Black noddy	16.1		x	[29]
	Chlidonias niger	Black tern	8.4		x	[29]
	Chlidonias niger	Black tern	17.2		x	[33]
	Gygis alba	Fairy tern	17.8		x	[29]
	Larus argentatus	Herring gull	27.3		x	[29]
	Larus argentatus	Herring gull (+)		44.0	x	[49]
	Larus argentatus	Herring gull	28.0		x	[78]
	Larus argentatus	Herring gull	19.0		x	[90]
	Larus argentatus	Herring gull (+)	30.0	40.0	x	[136]
	Larus atricilla	Laughing gull	15.1		x	[29]
	Larus californicus	California gull	13.3		x	[29]
	Larus canus	Mew gull	18.2		x	[29]
	Larus delawarensis	Ring-billed gull	25.1		x	[29]
	Larus delawarensis	Ring-billed gull	31.8		x	[129]
	Larus glaucescens	Glaucous-winged gull	32.0		x	[25]
	Larus glaucescens	Glaucous-winged gull	22.1		x	[29]
	Larus glaucescens	Glaucous-winged gull	22.8		x	[78]
	Larus marinus	Great black-backed gull	23.3		x	[29]
	Larus occidentalis	Western gull	27.8		x	[29]
	Larus occidentalis	Western gull	25.0		x	[113]
	Larus pacificus	Pacific gull		14.5	x	[50]
	Larus pipixcan	Franklin’s gull (+)	9.0		x	[29]
	Larus pipixcan	Franklin’s gull	9.4		x	[29]
	Pagophila eburnea	Ivory gull	8.0		x	[78]
	Pagophila eburnea	Ivory gull	17.0		x	[137]
	Procelsterna cerulea	Blue-gray noddy	11.0		x	[29]
	Procelsterna cerulea	Blue-gray noddy (+)	14.0		x	[78]
	Rissa brevirostris	Red-legged kittiwake	4.0		x	[21]
	Rissa tridactyla	Black-legged kittiwake	5.0		x	[59]
	Rissa tridactyla	Black-legged kittiwake	7.0		x	[29]
	Sterna albifrons	Least tern	21.1		x	[29]
	Sterna antillarum	Least tern	24.1		x	[78]
	Sterna caspia	Caspian tern	26.2		x	[29]
	Sterna dougallii	Roseate tern	12.1		x	[29]
	Sterna dougallii	Roseate tern (+)	14.0		x	[78]
	Sterna elegans	Elegant tern	8.9		x	[29]
	Sterna forsteri	Forster’s tern	10.3		x	[29]
	Sterna forsteri	Forster’s tern	12.0		x	[78]
	Sterna fuscata	Sooty tern	32.0		x	[29]
	Sterna lunata	Gray-backed tern	16.2		x	[29]
	Sterna lunata	Gray-backed tern (+)	18.0		x	[78]
	Sterna maxima	Royal tern	17.0		x	[29]
	Sterna maxima	Royal tern	22.2		x	[78]
	Sterna nilotica	Gull-billed tern	6.3		x	[29]
	Sterna nilotica	Gull-billed tern (+)	16.0		x	[122]
	Sterna paradisaea	Arctic tern	34.0		x	[29]
	Sterna sandvicensis	Sandwich tern	16.1		x	[29]
Recurvirostridae	Himantopus mexicanus knudsensi	Black-necked (Hawaiian) stilt	5.2		f	[78]
	Recurvirostra americana	American avocet	9.0		f	[78]
Rynchopidae	Rhynchops niger	Black skimmer	20.0		x	[30]
Scolopacidae	Arenaria interpres	Ruddy turnstone	14.3		x	[29]
	Bartramia longicauda	Upland sandpiper	5.2		x	[29]
	Calidris alba	Sanderling	5.3		x	[29]
	Calidris alba	Sanderling	13.1		x	[78]
	Calidris alpina	Dunlin	9.3		m	[29]
	Calidris alpina	Dunlin (+)	12.4		x	[78]
	Calidris canutus	Red knot	6.2		x	[29]
	Calidris canutus	Red knot	10.2		x	[78]
	Calidris fuscicollis	White-rumped sandpiper	7.0		x	[29]
	Calidris himantopus	Stilt sandpiper (+)	11.1		x	[78]
	Calidris mauri	Western sandpiper	9.2		x	[29]
	Calidris melanotos	Pectoral sandpiper	5.9		x	[78]
	Calidris minutilla	Least sandpiper	11.3		x	[29]
	Calidris minutilla	Least sandpiper	16.0		f	[78]
	Calidris minutilla	Least sandpiper	16.0		m	[95]
	Calidris ptilocnemis	Rock sandpiper	7.3		x	[78]
	Calidris pusilla	Semipalmated sandpiper	12.1		x	[29]
	Calidris pusilla	Semipalmated sandpiper	12.0		x	[63]
	Calidris pusilla	Semipalmated sandpiper	12.2		x	[78]
	Catoptrophorus semipalmatus	Willet	8.9		m	[29]
	Gallinago gallinago	Common snipe	9.3		x	[29]
	Limnodromus griseus	Short-billed dowitcher	7.6		x	[29]
	Limnodromus griseus	Short-billed dowitcher	13.3		x	[78]
	Limnodromus scolopaceus	Long-billed dowitcher	8.3		x	[29]
	Limosa fedoa	Marbled godwit	8.6		x	[29]
	Limosa lapponica	Bar-tailed godwit	3.9		x	[78]
	Lobipes lobatus	Northern phalarope	5.0		f	[29]
	Micropalama himantopus	Stilt sandpiper	9.1		x	[29]
	Numenius arquata	Eurasian curlew	31.5		x	[84]
	Numenius phaeopus	Whimbrel	11.0		f	[29]
	Numenius phaeopus	Whimbrel		8.8	x	[50]
	Numenius tahitiensis	Bristle-thighed curlew	11.8		x	[78]
	Phalaropus tricolor	Wilson’s phalarope	10.0		m/f	[30]
	Scolopax minor	American woodcock	9.3		f	[29]
	Scolopax minor	American woodcock	11.3		f	[78]
	Tringa flavipes	Lesser yellowlegs	4.8		x	[29]
	Tringa macularia	Spotted sandpiper	12.0		m	[29]
Stercorariidae	Stercorarius longicaudus	Long-tailed jaeger	8.1		x	[29]
Ciconiiformes
Ardeidae	Ardea cinerea	Heron		15.8	x	[50]
	Ardea cinerea	Heron		24.0	x	[138]
	Ardea cocoi	Cocoi heron		24.4	x	[50]
	Ardea goliath	Goliath heron		22.9	x	[50]
	Ardea herodias	Great blue heron	23.3		x	[29]
	Botaurus lentiginosus	American bittern	8.3		x	[29]
	Botaurus lentiginosus	American bittern (+)	8.0		x	[29]
	Bubulcus ibis	Cattle egret	17.0		x	[29]
	Bubulcus ibis	Cattle egret	23.0		x	[135]
	Butorides striatus	Green heron	7.9		x	[29]
	Butorides virescens	Green heron	11.6		x	[29]
	Egretta alba	Great egret	22.8		x	[29]
	Egretta caerulea	Little blue heron	13.9		x	[29]
	Egretta rufescens	Reddish egret	12.3		x	[29]
	Egretta thula	Snowy egret	11.3		x	[29]
	Egretta thula	Snowy egret	17.6		x	[78]
	Hydranassa tricolor	Louisiana heron	17.7		x	[29]
	Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned night heron	21.0		x	[7] [64] [103]
	Nyticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned night heron	21.1		f	[29]
	Nycticorax violaceus	Yellow-crowned night heron	6.3		x	[78]
Balaenicipitidae	Balaeniceps rex	Shoebill		36.0	x	[37]
	Balaeniceps rex	Shoebill		35.7	m	[50]
Ciconiidae	Ciconia abdimii	Abdim’s stork (+)		21.0	x	[37]
	Ciconia boyciana	Oriental white stork		48.0	x	[37]
	Ciconia ciconia	European white stork (+)	33.0	35.0	x	[37]
	Ciconia episcopus	Woolly-necked stork (+)		30.0	x	[37]
	Ciconia maguari	Maguari stork (+)		20.0	x	[37]
	Ciconia nigra	Black stork	18.0	31.0	x	[37]
	Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus	Black-necked stork (+)		34.0	x	[37]
	Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis	Saddle-billed stork (+)		36.0	x	[37]
	Jabiru mycteria	Jabiru (+)		36.0	x	[37]
	Leptoptilos crumeniferus	Marabou	25.0	41.0	x	[37]
	Leptoptilos dubius	Greater adjutant		43.0	x	[37]
	Leptoptilos javanicus	Lesser adjutant		30.0	x	[37]
	Mycteria americana	Wood stork (+)		27.0	x	[37]
	Mycteria americana	Wood stork	6.5		x	[78]
	Mycteria ibis	Yellow-billed stork (+)		19.0	x	[37]
	Mycteria leucocephala	Painted stork (+)		28.0	x	[37]
Threskiornithidae	Ajaia alaja	Roseate spoonbill	7.8		x	[29]
	Eudocimus albus	White ibis (+)	16.3	20.0	x	[29] [132]
	Nipponia nippon	Japanese crested ibis		17.0	x	[37]
	Platalea leucorodia	Eurasian spoonbill	28.0		x	[37]
	Plegadis chihi	White-faced ibis	14.5	14.0	x	[29]
	Plegadis falcinellus	Glossy ibis	14.3		x	[29]
	Threskiornis aethiopicus	Sacred ibis	21.0		x	[37]
	Threskiornis aethiopicus	Sacred ibis		29.2	x	[50]
Columbiformes
Columbidae	Columba fasciata	Band-tailed pigeon	15.5		x	[30]
	Columba fasciata	Band-tailed pigeon	18.5		x	[78]
	Columba leucocephala	White-crowned pigeon	12.2		x	[30]
	Columba leucocephala	White-crowned pigeon	14.4		x	[78]
	Columba leucocephala	White-crowned pigeon	8.3		x	[90]
	Columba livia	Rock dove		35.0	x	[48]
	Columba livia	Rock dove (+)	6.0		x	[71]
	Columbina inca	Inca dove	7.8		x	[30]
	Columbina inca	Inca dove		13.3	x	[50]
	Columbina passerina	Common ground dove	6.1		x	[30]
	Columbina passerina	Common ground dove	7.2		f	[78]
	Geopelia striata	Barred ground dove		14.0	x	[50]
	Leptotila verreauxi	White-tipped dove	8.6		x	[30]
	Leucosarcia melanoleuca	Wonga-wonga pigeon		16.3	x	[50]
	Streptopelia chinensis	Spotted dove	7.7		x	[30]
	Streptopelia decaocto	Indian turtle dove		17.9	x	[50]
	Zenaida asiatica	White-winged dove	21.8		x	[30]
	Zenaida macroura	Mourning dove	19.3		x	[30]
Coraciiformes
Bucerotidae	Ceratogymna atrata	African black-wattled hornbill		19.3	x	[50]
	Didioceros bicornis	Great Indian hornbill		33.4	x	[50]
Bucorvidae	Bucorvus cafer (leadbeateri)	Southern ground hornbill (+)		70.0	x	[75]
	Coracias affinis	Burmese roller		8.9	x	[50]
	Coracias gamilus	European roller		8.9	x	[50]
Meropidae	Merops bullockoides	White-fronted bee-eater	7.0		x	[50]
	Momotus bahamensis	Swainson’s motmot		10.4	x	[50]
Cuculiformes
Coccyzidae	Coccyzus americanus	Yellow-billed cuckoo	5.0		x	[30]
	Coccyzus erythrophthalmus	Black-billed cuckoo	5.0		x	[30]
Neomorphidae	Geococcyx californianus	Greater roadrunner (+)	3.8		m	[78]
Dinornithiformes
Apterygidae	Apteryx australis	Brown kiwi		35.0	x	[37]
	Apteryx mantelli	Kiwi		20.0	x	[50]
Falconiformes
Accipitridae	Accipiter audax	Wedge-tailed eagle		40.0	x	[37]
	Accipiter cooperii	Cooper’s hawk	7.5		f	[29]
	Accipiter cooperii	Cooper’s hawk	10.5		f	[78] [101]
	Accipiter cooperii	Cooper’s hawk	12.0		x	[120]
	Accipiter gentilis	Northern goshawk	12.8		f	[29]
	Accipiter gentilis	Northern goshawk		9.4	x	[50]
	Accipiter gentilis	Northern goshawk	13.0		f	[78]
	Accipiter gentilis	Northern goshawk	19.0		x	[37]
	Accipiter heliaca	Eastern imperical eagle	55.0	56.0	x	[37]
	Accipiter nipalensis	Steppe eagle		41.0	x	[37]
	Accipiter nisus	Eurasian sparrowhawk	15.0		x	[37]
	Accipiter striatus	Sharp-shinned hawk	9.8		f	[29] [101]
	Accipiter gentilis	Northern goshawk	19.0		x	[101]
	Accipiter gentilis	Northern goshawk	13.0		x	[101]
	Accipiter nisus nisus	Sparrowhawk	15.5		x	[101]
	Aegypius monachus	Eurasian black vulture		39.0	x	[37]
	Aegypius monachus	Eurasian black vulture	25.5		x	[101]
	Aquila adalberti	Spanish imperial eagle		44.5	x	[50]
	Aquila audax	Wedge-tailed eagle		26.4	x	[50]
	Aquila audax	Wedge-tailed eagle	5.9		x	[101]
	Aquila chrysaetos	Golden eagle	10.4		x	[29]
	Aquila chrysaetos	Golden eagle	17.1		m	[78] [101]
	Aquila chrysaetos	Golden eagle	25.7		x	[101]
	Aquila chrysaetos	Golden eagle	38.0		x	[37]
	Aquila pomarina	Lesser spotted eagle	26.1		x	[37] [101]
	Aquila pomarina	Lesser spotted eagle		22.3	x	[50]
	Aquila rapax belisarius	Tawny eagle		40.3	f	[50]
	Aquila wahlbergi	Wahlberg’s eagle	11.8		x	[101]
	Butastur indicus indicus	Gray-faced buzzard	8.5		x	[101]
	Buteo buteo	Eurasian buzzard	25.0		x	[37]
	Buteo buteo buteo	Buzzard	25.3		x	[101]
	Buteo jamaicensis	Red-tailed hawk	19.8		x	[29]
	Buteo jamaicensis	Red-tailed hawk	21.5		x	[78] [101]
	Buteo jamaicensis	Red-tailed hawk		29.5	f	[108]
	Buteo jamaicensis	Red-tailed hawk	21.4		x	[108]
	Buteo lagopus	Rough-legged hawk	17.8		f	[29] [101]
	Buteo lagopus	Rough-legged hawk	18.0		x	[37]
	Buteo lagopus	Rough-legged hawk	10.9		x	[101]
	Buteo lineatus	Red-shouldered hawk	20.0		x	[29]
	Buteo lineatus	Red-shouldered hawk	19.9		x	[29] [101]
	Buteo platypterus	Broad-winged hawk	14.3		x	[29]
	Buteo platypterus	Broad-winged hawk	18.3		x	[78] [101]
	Buteo regalis	Ferruginous hawk	15.9		x	[29] [101]
	Buteo regalis	Ferruginous hawk	20.0		x	[65] [89]
	Buteo swainsoni	Swainson’s hawk	15.9		x	[29] [101]
	Buteo swainsoni	Swainson’s hawk	16.0		x	[37]
	Buteogallus anthracinus	Common black hawk	13.5		x	[124]
	Circaetus cinereus	Brown snake eagle	6.8		x	[101]
	Circaetus gallicus	Short-toed snake eagle	17.0		x	[37]
	Circaetus gallicus	Short-toed eagle	17.3		x	[101]
	Circus aeruginosus	Marsh harrier	16.7		x	[101]
	Circus aeruginosus approximans	Swamp harrier	18.2		x	[101]
	Circus aeruginosus	Western marsh-harrier	16.4		x	[37]
	Circus approximans	Pacific marsh-harrier	18.0		x	[37]
	Circus cyaneus	Northern harrier	16.4		x	[29] [101]
	Circus cyaneus	Hen harrier	16.0		x	[37]
	Circus macroarus	Pallid harrier	13.5		x	[101]
	Circus pygargus	Montagu’s harrier	16.0		x	[37]
	Circus pygargus	Montagu’s harrier	16.3		x	[101]
	Elanus caeruleus axillanis	Black-shouldered kite	6.0		x	[101]
	Elanus leucurus	White-tailed kite (+)	5.9		x	[29]
	Geranoaetus melanoleucus	Chilean eagle		42.0	x	[50]
	Gypaetus barbatus	Bearded vulture (+)		40.0	x	[37]
	Gypaetus barbatus	Bearded vulture		30.0	x	[50]
	Gypohierax angolensis	Sea eagle		27.1	x	[50]
	Gyps africanus	White-backed vulture		19.7	x	[50]
	Gyps bengalensis	Bengal vulture		17.2	x	[50]
	Gyps coprotheres	Cape vulture (griffon)	11.25		x	[101]
	Gyps fulvus	Eurasian griffon (+)		41.4	x	[34]
	Gyps fulvus	Eurasian griffon		37.0	x	[37]
	Haliaeetus albicilla	White-tailed sea-eagle	27.0	42.0	x	[37]
	Haliaeetus albicilla	White-tailed eagle	21.1		x	[101]
	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	Bald eagle	10.4		x	[29]
	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	Bald eagle		47.0	x	[37]
	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	Bald eagle (+)	21.9		m	[78] [101]
	Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus	White-headed sea eagle		33.1	x	[50]
	Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus	Alaskan bald eagle		28.7	x	[50]
	Haliastur sphenarus	Whistling kite	10.9		x	[101]
	Harpia harpyja	Harpy eagle		16.8	x	[50]
	Harpyopsis novaeguineae	New Guinea eagle		30.0	x	[37]
	Hieraaetus fasciatus	Bonelli’s eagle		20.0	x	[37]
	Hieraaetus morphnoides	Little eagle	10.3		x	[101]
	Ictinia mississippiensis	Mississippi kite	8.0		x	[78] [101]
	Kaupifalco monogrammicus	Lizard buzzard	8.6		x	[101]
	Lophoictinia isura	Square-tailed kite (+)	17.0		x	[2]
	Milvus migrans	Black kite	23.7		x	[101]
	Milvus migrans	Black kite	23.0		x	[37]
	Milvus milvus	Red kite		38.0	x	[37]
	Milvus milvus	Red kite	26.0		x	[84]
	Milvus milvus	Red kite	25.8		x	[101]
	Neophron percnopterus	Egyptian vulture		37.0	x	[37]
	Parabuteo unicinctus	Harris’ hawk		25.0	f	[4]
	Parabuteo unicinctus	Harris’ hawk	11.0		x	[29]
	Parabuteo unicinctus	Harris’ hawk	10.0		x	[29]
	Parabuteo unicinctus	Harris’ hawk	12.6		f	[78] [101]
	Pernis apivorus	Western honey-buzzard	29.0		x	[37] [101]
	Rostrhamus sociabilis	Snail kite	17.0		x	[6]
	Rostrhamus sociabilis	Snail kite	7.0		x	[78] [101]
Cathartidae	Cathartes aura	Turkey vulture	16.8		x	[29] [101]
	Coragyps atratus	Black vulture	25.5		x	[29]
	Gymnogyps californianus	California condor	45.0		x	[37]
	Gymnogyps californianus	California condor		36.5	x	[50]
	Sarcorhamphus papa	King vulture		40.0	x	[46]
	Sarcorhamphus papa	King vulture		23.3	x	[50]
Falconidae	Falco berigora	Brown falcon	10.5		x	[101]
	Falco berigora	Brown falcon		16.0	x	[37]
	Falco columbarius	Merlin	7.8		x	[29] [101]
	Falco columbarius	Merlin	12.5		x	[101]
	Falco columbarius	Merlin	8.0		x	[106]
	Falco eleonorae	Eleonora’s falcon	6.0		x	[101]
	Falco mexicanus	Prairie falcon	9.1		m	[29]
	Falco mexicanus	Prairie falcon	10.6		f	[78] [101]
	Falco naumanni	Lesser kestrel	6.2		x	[101]
	Falco peregrinus	Peregrine falcon	12.3		x	[29] [101]
	Falco peregrinus	Peregrine falcon	16.3		x	[101]
	Falco rupicoloides	White-eyed kestrel	6.5		x	[101]
	Falco sparverius	American kestrel	11.6		f	[29] [101]
	Falco subbuteo longipennis	Little falcon	10.5		x	[101]
	Falco subbuteo subbuteo	European hobby	10.8		x	[101]
	Falco tinnunculus	Common kestrel	16.2		x	[101]
	Falco tinnunculus	Common kestrel	16.0		x	[37]
	Falco vespertinus vespertinus	Red-footed falcon	12.3		x	[101]
	Polyborus cheriway	Cheriway caracara		25.8	x	[50]
	Polyborus plancus	Crested caracara	8.9		x	[78]
	Polyborus tharus	Brazilian caracara		37.6	x	[50]
Pandionidae	Pandion haliaetus	Osprey	21.9		x	[29]
	Pandion haliaetus	Osprey	25.0		x	[37] [101]
	Pandion haliaetus	Osprey	23.0		x	[78]
	Pandion haliaetus	Osprey	24.8		x	[101]
Sagittariidae	Sagittarius serpentarius	Secretary bird		18.6	x	[5] [50]
Galliformes
Cracidae	Crax globulosa	Wattled curassow (+)		20.0	x	[37]
	Crax rubra	Great curassow		24.0	x	[37]
	Mitu tuberosa	Razor-billed curassow		23.0	x	[37]
	Ortalis vetula	Plain chachalaca	0.2		m	[29]
Megapodiidae	Macrocephalon maleo			23.0	x	[37]
Odontophoridae	Callipepla gambelii	Gambel’s quail	7.4		m	[29]
	Callipepla californica	California quail	6.9		x	[29]
	Colinus virginianus	Common bobwhite	6.4		m	[29]
Phasianidae	Alectoris rufa	Red-legged partridge		6.25	x	[50]
	Bonasa umbellus	Ruffed grouse	7.6		x	[29]
	Bonasa umbellus	Ruffed grouse	8.5		f	[78]
	Dendragapus canadensis	Spruce grouse	13.0		f	[10]
	Dendragapus canadensis	Spruce grouse	13.0		m	[10]
	Dendragapus canadensis	Spruce grouse	5.3		f	[29]
	Dendragapus obscurus	Blue grouse	10.9		m	[29]
	Dendragapus obscurus	Blue grouse (+)	14.0		m	[147]
	Dendragapus obscurus	Blue grouse (+)	11.0		f	[147]
	Gallus gallus	Red junglefowl		30.0	x	[98]
	Lagopus leucurus	White-tailed ptarmigan	15.0		m	[13]
	Lagopus leucurus	White-tailed ptarmigan	12.0		f	[13]
	Meleagris gallopavo	Wild turkey	12.5		x	[29]
	Meleagris gallopavo	Wild turkey		12.3	x	[50]
	Meleagris gallopavo	Wild turkey	13.0		f	[145]
	Pavo cristatus	Peafowl		23.2	x	[50]
	Perdix perdix	Gray partridge	5.17		x	[27]
	Perdix perdix	Gray partridge (+)		5.0	x	[50]
	Phasianus colchicus	Common pheasant		27.0	x	[50]
	Tetrao urogallus	Western capercaillie		18.0	x	[37]
	Tympanuchus cupido	Greater prairie chicken	1.5		x	[119]
	Tympanuchus pallidicinctus	Lesser prairie chicken	13.5		x	[29]
	Tympanuchus phasianellus	Sharp-tailed grouse	6.3		m	[29]
Gaviiformes
Gaviidae	Gavia arctica	Black-throated diver	28.0		x	[37]
	Gavia immer	Common loon	7.8		x	[29]
	Gavia immer	Great northern diver(+)	20.0		x	[37]
	Gavia stellata	Red-throated diver	23.0		x	[37]
Gruiformes
Gruidae	Grus americana	Whooping crane	30.0		x	[8] [85] [97]
	Grus americana	Whooping crane	7.3		x	[78]
	Grus americana	Whooping crane		40.0	x	[100]
	Grus antigone	Sarus crane		26.0	x	[50]
	Grus canadensis	Sandhill crane	18.3		x	[29]
	Grus canadensis	Sandhill crane	19.4		x	[78]
	Grus canadensis	Sandhill crane	21.5		x	[134]
	Grus grus lilfordi	Lord Lilford’s crane		39.4	x	[50]
	Grus japonensis	Manchurian crane		25.2	x	[50]
	Grus leucauchen	White-necked crane		25.8	x	[50]
	Grus leucogeranus	Asiatic white crane		36.2	m	[50]
	Grus leucogeranus	Asiatic white crane		32.3	f	[50]
	Grus monachus	Hooded crane		24.0	x	[50]
	Grus rubicunda			33.0	x	[50]
Otididae	Otis tarda	Great bustard		28.3	x	[50]
Rallidae	Fulica americana	American coot	19.5		x	[29]
	Fulica americana	American coot	22.3		f	[78]
	Gallinula chloropus	Common gallinule	10.5		x	[29]
	Gallirallus australus	Weka		13.8	x	[50]
	Gallirallus brachypterus	New Zealand weka rail		12.3	x	[50]
	Laterallus jamicensis	Black rail	2.4		m	[47]
	Rallus longirostris	Clapper rail	7.5		m	[29]
Musophagiformes
Musophagidae	Turacus leucotis donaldsoni	Donaldson Smith’s touraco		12.4	x	[50] [77]
Passeriformes
Aegithalidae	Psaltiparus minimus	Bushtit (+)	8.4		m	[77]
Alaudidae	Eremophila alpestris	Horned lark	7.1		m	[30]
	Eremophila alpestris	Horned lark	7.9		x	[78]
	Eremophila alpestris	Horned lark	8.0		x	[78]
Bombycillidae	Bombycilla cedrorum	Cedar waxwing	7.0		x	[77]
	Bombycilla garrulus	Bohemian waxwing	5.8		x	[77]
Certhiidae	Certhia familiaris	Brown creeper (+)	4.6		x	[77]
Cinclidae	Cinclus mexicanus	American dipper (+)	5.1		m	[77]
Corcoracidae	Corcorax melanorhamphos	White-winged chough		16.3	x	[50]
	Struthidea cinerea	Apostlebird		25.0	x	[50]
Corvidae	Aphelocoma coerulescens	Scrub jay	15.8		x	[30]
	Aphelocoma ultramarina	Mexican jay	19.0		m	[16]
	Aphelocoma ultramarina	Gray-breasted (Mexican) jay	10.8		x	[30]
	Aphelocoma ultramarina	Gray-breasted jay	17.6		x	[78]
	Corvus brachyrhynchos	American crow	14.6		x	[30]
	Corvus brachyrhynchos	American crow	13.8		x	[90]
	Corvus caurinus	Northwestern crow	12.8		x	[30]
	Corvus corax	Common raven	13.3		x	[30]
	Corvus corax	Raven		24.7	x	[50]
	Corvus cornix	Hooded crow		16.8	x	[50]
	Corvus corone	Carrion crow		13.0	f	[50]
	Corvus corone	Carrion crow		11.0	m	[50]
	Corvus coronoides	Australian crow or raven		21.8	x	[50]
	Corvus cryptoleucus	Chihuahuan (white-necked) raven	12.5		x	[30]
	Corvus frugilegus	Rook		14.0	f	[50]
	Corvus ossifragus	Fish crow	14.5		x	[30]
	Cyanocitta cristata	Blue jay	18.3		x	[30]
	Cyanocitta cristata	Blue jay	16.3		x	[78]
	Cyanocitta stelleri	Steller’s jay	11.0		m	[30]
	Cyanocitta stelleri	Steller’s jay	16.1		x	[78]
	Cyanocorax caeruleus	Azure jay (+)		36.0	x	[31]
	Cyanocorax yncas	Green jay	10.7		x	[30]
	Garrulus glandavius	Jay		17.0	x	[50] [112]
	Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus	Pinyon jay	8.8		f	[30]
	Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus	Pinyon jay	11.0		x	[78]
	Nucifraga columbiana	Clark’s nutcracker	17.4		x	[30]
	Perisoreus canadensis	Gray jay	19.2		x	[30]
	Perisoreus canadensis	Gray jay	16.0		f	[131]
	Perisoreus canadensis	Gray jay (+)	14.0		m	[131]
	Pica nuttalli	Yellow-billed magpie	9.9		f	[30]
	Pica nuttalli	Yellow-billed magpie (+)	10.0		x	[117]
	Pica pica	Black-billed magpie	5.0		x	[30]
	Pica pica	Black-billed magpie	5.9		x	[78]
	Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax	Cornish chough		20.3	x	[50]
Cotingidae	Rupicola rupicola	Cock-of-the-rock		7.0	x	[50]
Drepanididae	Hemignathus virens	Common amakihi	7.7		x	[78]
	Himatione sanguinea	Apapane	6.4		x	[79]
	Telespyza cantans	Laysan finch (+)	6.0		m	[79]
	Telespyza ultima	Nihoa finch (+)	11.0		x	[79]
Emberizidae	Aimophila aestivalis	Bachman’s sparrow	3.0		x	[57]
	Aimophila quinquestriata	Five-striped sparrow	4.0		x	[96]
	Aimophila ruficeps	Rufous-crowned sparrow (+)	3.2		x	[79]
	Ammodramus caudacutus	Sharp-tailed sparrow	10.0		m	[54]
	Ammodramus caudacutus	Sharp-tailed sparrow	6.0		f	[54]
	Ammodramus maritimus	Seaside sparrow	8.9		x	[78]
	Ammodramus maritimus	Seaside sparrow	9.0		m	[114] [133]
	Ammodramus maritimus	Seaside sparrow	9.0		f	[114] [133]
	Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens	(Dusky) seaside sparrow	8.3		m	[79]
	Ammodramus savannarum	Grasshopper sparrow (+)	3.1		x	[79]
	Amphispiza bilineata	Black-throated sparrow (+)	6.0		f	[79]
	Calamospiza melanocorys	Lark bunting (+)	4.0		m	[79]
	Calcarius lapponicus	Lapland longspur (+)	5.0		x	[79]
	Calcarius pictus	Smith’s longspur	5.0		m	[14]
	Calcarius pictus	Smith’s longspur (+)	4.0		f	[14]
	Cardinalis cardinalis	Northern cardinal	15.8		f	[79]
	Cardinalis sinuatus	Pyrrhuloxia (+)	5.8		m	[79]
	Chondestes grammacus	Lark sparrow (+)	7.8		x	[79]
	Cyanerpes caeruleus	Purple sugar bird		17.0	x	[50]
	Guiraca caerulea	Blue grosbeak	5.9		m	[79]
	Junco hyemalis ssp.	Dark-eyed (slate-colored) junco	10.8		m	[79]
	Junco hyemalis ssp.	Dark-eyed (gray-headed) junco (+)	10.7		x	[79]
	Junco hyemalis ssp.	Dark-eyed (Oregon) junco (+)	9.8		x	[79]
	Junco hyemalis ssp.	Dark-eyed (white-winged) junco (+)	6.6		x	[79]
	Junco phaeonotus ssp.	Yellow-eyed (Mexican) junco (+)	6.6		x	[79]
	Melospiza georgiana	Swamp sparrow (+)	4.8		x	[79]
	Melospiza lincolnii	Lincoln’s sparrow	7.6		x	[79]
	Melospiza melodia	Song sparrow (+)	11.3		x	[79]
	Passerculus sandwichensis	Savannah sparrow (+)	6.1		x	[79]
	Passerella iliaca	Fox sparrow (+)	9.7		x	[79]
	Passerina amoena	Lazuli bunting	8.9		x	[78]
	Passerina amoena	Lazuli bunting	4.9		m	[79]
	Passerina ciris	Painted bunting (+)	10.5		f	[79]
	Passerina cyanea	Indigo bunting	11.0		m	[87] [110]
	Passerina cyanea	Indigo bunting	11.0		f	[87] [110]
	Pheucticus ludovicianus	Rose-breasted grosbeak	7.3		x	[78]
	Pheucticus melanocephalus	Black-headed grosbeak		25.0	x	[143]
	Pheucticus melanocephalus	Black-headed grosbeak	9.1		m	[79]
	Pipilo aberti	Abert’s towhee	8.6		x	[79]
	Pipilo chlorurus	Green-tailed towhee (+)	7.7		X	[79]
	Pipilo erythrophthalmus	Rufous-sided towhee (+)	12.3		m	[79]
	Pipilo erythrophthalmus ssp.	Rufous-sided (spotted) towhee (+)	10.7		m	[79]
	Pipilo fuscus	Brown towhee (+)	12.8		m	[79]
	Piranga ludoviciana	Western tanager (+)	7.9		m	[79]
	Piranga olivicea	Scarlet tanager (+)	10.1		m	[79]
	Piranga rubra	Summer tanager	7.3		x	[78]
	Piranga rubra	Summer tanager (+)	6.0		m	[79]
	Plectrophenax hyperboreus	Mckay’s bunting	4.8		f	[79]
	Plectrophenax nivalis	Snow bunting	8.8		x	[79]
	Pooecetes gramineus	Vesper sparrow	7.9		x	[78]
	Pooecetes gramineus	Vesper sparrow (+)	6.9		x	[79]
	Spiza americana	Dickcissel	4.0		m	[79]
	Spizella arborea	American tree sparrow	10.1		x	[79]
	Spizella breweri	Brewer’s sparrow	5.2		x	[79]
	Spizella pallida	Clay-colored sparrow	5.1		x	[79]
	Spizella passerina	Chipping sparrow	9.8		x	[79]
	Spizella pusilla	Field sparrow	8.8		x	[78]
	Spizella pusilla	Field sparrow (+)	7.8		x	[79]
	Sporophila torqueola	White-collared seedeater	11.7		f	[79]
	Zonotrichia albicollis	White-throated sparrow	9.7		x	[79]
	Zonotrichia atricapilla	Golden-crowned sparrow (+)	10.5		x	[79]
	Zonotrichia leucophrys ssp.	(Gambel’s) white-crowned sparrow	13.3		x	[79]
	Zonotrichia querula	Harris’ sparrow	11.7		x	[79]
Fringillidae	Carduelis flammea	Common redpoll (+)	5.8		m	[79]
	Carduelis hornemanni	Hoary redpoll	4.6		x	[78]
	Carduelis pinus	Pine siskin	9.4		x	[79]
	Carduelis psaltria	Lesser goldfinch	5.7		f	[79]
	Carduelis tristis	American goldfinch	11.0		x	[94]
	Carduelis tristis	American goldfinch	9.3		x	[78]
	Carpodacus cassinii	Cassin’s finch (+)	7.0		m	[79]
	Carpodacus mexicanus	House finch	1.1		x	[78]
	Carpodacus mexicanus	House finch	11.6		m	[79]
	Carpodacus purpureus	Purple finch (+)	11.8		m	[79]
	Coccothraustes vespertinus	Evening grosbeak	15.3		m	[79]
	Fringilla coelebs	Chaffinch		29.0		[99]
	Leucosticte arctoa atrata	(Black) rosy finch	5.7		x	[79]
	Leucosticte arctoa ssp.	(Gray-crowned) rosy finch(+)	6.6		f	[79]
	Loxia curvirostra	Red crossbill	4.2		x	[79]
	Loxia leucoptera	White-winged crossbill		4.0	x	[2]
	Pinicola enucleator	Pine grosbeak	9.7		m	[79]
	Serinus canarius	House canary		24.0	x	[82]
	Serinus canarius domesticus	House canary		22.0	m	[50]
Hirundinidae	Hirundo fulva	Cave swallow	4.8		x	[78]
	Hirundo fulva	Cave swallow	9.3		x	[142]
	Hirundo pyrrhonota	Cliff swallow	11.0		x	[15]
	Hirundo pyrrhonota	Cliff swallow	9.0		m	[30]
	Hirundo pyrrhonota	Cliff swallow	10.0		x	[78]
	Hirundo rustica	Barn swallow	8.1		f	[30]
	Progne subis	Purple martin	13.8		x	[30]
	Riparia riparia	Bank swallow	8.0		f	[30]
	Stelgidopteryx ruficollis	Rough-winged swallow	5.9		x	[30]
	Tachycineta bicolor	Tree swallow	11.0		f	[30]
	Tachycineta bicolor	Tree swallow	8.9		x	[20] [66] [68]
	Tachycineta thalassina	Violet-green swallow	6.8		m	[30]
Icteridae	Agelaius phoeniceus	Red-winged blackbird	15.8		m	[79]
	Dolichonyx oryzivorus	Bobolink	9.0		x	[11]
	Dolichonyx oryzivorus	Bobolink	8.1		x	[78]
	Euphagus carolinus	Rusty blackbird	8.8		x	[32]
	Euphagus cyanocephalus	Brewer’s blackbird (+)	11.0		m	[79]
	Icterus cucullatus	Hooded oriole	6.0		m	[79]
	Icterus galbula ssp.	Northern (Baltimore) oriole	11.6		f	[79]
	Icterus galbula ssp.	Northern (bullock’s) oriole	6.6		m	[79]
	Icterus parisorum	Scott’s oriole (+)	6.4		m	[79]
	Icterus pectoralis	Spot-breasted oriole (+)	11.6		x	[79]
	Icterus spurius	Orchard oriole	9.3		x	[78]
	Icterus spurius	Orchard oriole	9.6		x	[79]
	Molothrus aeneus	Bronzed cowbird	3.6		m	[79]
	Molothrus ater	Brown-headed cowbird	16.9		x	[78]
	Molothrus ater	Brown-headed cowbird	15.8		m	[79]
	Quiscalus major	Boat-tailed grackle (+)	11.9		x	[79]
	Quiscalus mexicanus	Great-tailed grackle	12.5		m	[79]
	Quiscalus quiscula	Common grackle	20.9		m	[79]
	Sturnella magna	Eastern meadowlark	9.0		x	[86]
	Sturnella neglecta	Western meadowlark		10.0	m	[86]
	Sturnella neglecta	Western meadowlark		9.0	f	[86]
	Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus	Yellow-headed blackbird		16.0	m	[1]
	Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus	Yellow-headed blackbird	10.9		m	[79]
Irenidae	Irena turcosa	Turquoise fairy bluebird (+)		16.1	x	[50]
Laniidae	Lanius excubitor	Northern shrike (+)	3.3		x	[77]
	Lanius ludovicianus	Loggerhead shrike	6.1		x	[78]
	Lanius ludovicianus	Loggerhead shrike (+)	12.5		x	[77]
Mimidae	Dumetella carolinensis	Gray catbird	10.9		x	[77]
	Mimus polyglottos	Northern mockingbird	20.0		x	[61]
	Toxostoma bendirei	Bendire’s thrasher	4.2		x	[77]
	Toxostoma curvirostre	Curve-billed thrasher	10.8		x	[77]
	Toxostoma dorsale	Crissal thrasher	4.4		x	[77]
	Toxostoma lecontei	Leconte’s thrasher	5.7		m	[77]
	Toxostoma longirostre	Long-billed thrasher	7.3		x	[77]
	Toxostoma redivivum	California thrasher	6.9		x	[77]
	Toxostoma rufum	Brown thrasher (+)	12.8		x	[77]
Motacillidae	Anthus rubescens	American pipit	5.1		x	[77]
	Anthus spinoletta	Water pipit (+)	5.1		f	[77]
Muscicapidae	Muscicapa striata	Spotted flycatcher		11.8	x	[50]
Nectariniidae	Nectarinia asiatica	Purple sunbird		22.0	m	[50]
Oriolidae	Orioles xanthornus	Black-hooded oriole (hang-nest)		15.5	x	[50]
	Sphecotheres viridis	Green figbird (hang-nest)		18.0	f	[50]
Paradisaeidae	Paradisea apoda	Bird of paradise		12.1	x	[50]
Paridae	Parus atricapillus	Black-capped chickadee	12.4		x	[30] [128]
	Parus bicolor ssp.	Tufted (eastern) titmouse	13.3		x	[30]
	Parus bicolor ssp.	Tufted (western) titmouse	4.8		x	[30]
	Parus carolinensis	Carolina chickadee	10.9		x	[30]
	Parus cinctus	Siberian tit	7.0		x	[139]
	Parus gambeli	Moutain chickadee	10.1		m	[30]
	Parus hudsonicus	Boreal chickadee	4.7		x	[78]
	Parus inornatus	Plain titmouse	8.0		x	[30]
	Parus major	Great titmouse		9.0	x	[50]
	Parus rufescens	Chestnut-backed chickadee	7.8		x	[30]
	Parus sclateri	Mexican chickadee	5.0		x	[44]
	Parus wollweberi	Bridled titmouse	6.6		x	[30]
Parulidae	Cardellina rubrifrons	Red-faced warbler (+)	3.0		m/f	[92]
	Dendroica caerulescens	Black-throated blue warbler	9.7		x	[78]
	Dendroica caerulescens	Black-throated blue warbler (+)	8.0		f	[77]
	Dendroica castanea	Bay-breasted warbler	3.4		x	[78]
	Dendroica coronata sp.	Yellow-rumped (Audubon’s) warbler	6.6		x	[77]
	Dendroica coronata sp.	Yellow-rumped (myrtle) warbler	6.9		x	[77]
	Dendroica discolor	Prairie warbler (+)	10.3		m	[77]
	Dendroica dominica	Yellow-throated warbler	5.1		x	[78]
	Dendroica fusca	Blackburnian warbler	8.2		m	[78]
	Dendroica kirtlandii	Kirtland’s warbler	9.0		m	[93]
	Dendroica kirtlandii	Kirtland’s warbler	8.0		f	[93]
	Dendroica magnolia	Magnolia warbler	6.9		x	[111]
	Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea	Yellow palm warbler (+)	5.8		x	[77]
	Dendroica palmarum palmarum	Western palm warbler (+)	6.6		x	[77]
	Dendroica pensylvanica	Chestnut-sided warbler	6.9		x	[77]
	Dendroica petechia	Yellow warbler (+)	8.9		m	[77]
	Dendroica pinus	Pine warbler (+)	6.8		x	[77]
	Dendroica striata	Blackpoll warbler	4.3		x	[78]
	Dendroica striata	Blackpoll warbler	3.4		f	[77]
	Dendroica tigrina	Cape May warbler (+)	4.3		f	[77]
	Dendroica townsendi	Townsend’s warbler	3.6		x	[78]
	Dendroica virens	Black-throated green warbler	5.9		m	[77]
	Geothlypis trichas	Common yellowthroat (+)	9.9		f	[77]
	Helmitheros vermivorus	Worm-eating warbler (+)	7.1		x	[77]
	Icteria virens	Yellow-breasted chat (+)	8.9		x	[77]
	Limnothlypis swainsonii	Swainson’s warbler	7.8		x	[77]
	Mniotilta varia	Black and white warbler	11.3		f	[77]
	Myioborus pictus	Painted redstart	6.6		x	[78]
	Myioborus pictus	Painted redstart	4.3		m	[77]
	Oporonis tolmiei	Macgillivray’s warbler	4.1		x	[78]
	Oporornis agilis	Connecticut warbler	4.3		x	[77]
	Oporornis formosus	Kentucky warbler (+)	6.0		m	[77]
	Oporornis philadelphia	Mourning warbler (+)	7.9		m	[77]
	Oporornis tolmiei	Macgillivray’s warbler	4.1		m	[78]
	Parula americana	Northern parula (+)	4.9		f	[77]
	Protonotaria citrea	Prothonotary warbler	4.9		m	[77]
	Seiurus aurocapillus	Ovenbird	9.0		x	[77]
	Seiurus motacilla	Louisiana waterthrush	8.0		x	[53]
	Seiurus novaeboracensis	Northern waterthrush	8.9		x	[78]
	Setophaga ruticilla	American redstart	10.0		m	[77]
	Vermivora celata	Orange-crowned warbler (+)	6.8		m	[77]
	Vermivora chrysoptera	Golden-winged warbler (+)	7.9		m	[77]
	Vermivora leucobronchialis	Brewster’s warbler (+)	6.0		m	[77]
	Vermivora luciae	Lucy’s warbler	5.8		x	[78]
	Vermivora peregrina	Tennessee warbler (+)	6.4		f	[77]
	Vermivora pinus	Blue-winged warbler	7.9		x	[77]
	Vermivora ruficapilla	Nashville warbler	7.3		f	[77]
	Vermivora virginiae	Virginia’s warbler	4.1		x	[78]
	Vermivora virginiae	Virginia’s warbler	3.2		x	[77]
	Wilsonia canadensis	Canada warbler	8.0		x	[78]
	Wilsonia canadensis	Canada warbler	7.9		f	[77]
	Wilsonia citrina	Hooded warbler	8.0		x	[77]
	Wilsonia pusilla	Wilson’s warbler (+)	6.8		m	[77]
Passeridae	Passer domesticus	House sparrow	13.3		x	[79]
	Passer italiae	Italian sparrow		20.0	x	[98]
	Passer montanus	Eurasian tree sparrow	4.0		x	[79]
	Bubalornis albirostris	African ox birds		20.0	x	[50]
Polioptilidae	Auriparis flaviceps	Verdin (+)	5.6		x	[77]
	Polioptila caerulea	Blue-gray gnatcatcher (+)	4.2		x	[77]
Prunellidae	Prunella modularis occidentalus	Hedge sparrow		8.3	x	[50]
Pycnonotidae	Pycnonotus jocusus	Red-whiskered bulbul	4.0		x	[77]
Regulidae	Regulus calendula	Ruby-crowned kinglet (+)	5.6		x	[77]
	Regulus satrapa	Golden-crowned kinglet (+)	5.3		m	[77]
Sittidae	Sitta canadensis	Red-breasted nuthatch	7.5		m	[77]
	Sitta carolinensis	White-breasted nuthatch	9.8		x	[77]
	Sitta pusilla	Brown-headed nuthatch (+)	5.8		x	[77]
	Sitta pygmaea	Pygmy nuthatch (+)	8.2		x	[77]
Sturnidae	Acridotheres cristatellus	Crested myna		13.0	x	[50]
	Acridotheres cristatellus	Crested myna	11.2		x	[70]
	Lamprotornis caudatus	Long-tailed glossy starling		17.8	x	[50]
	Spreo hildebrandti	Hildebrandt’s starling		16.9	x	[50]
	Spreo hildebrandti	Hildebrandt’s starling		16.0	f	[50]
	Sturnus vulgaris	European starling	21.3		x	[43]
	Sturnus vulgaris	European starling (+)		15.8		[50] [98]
Sylviidae	Acrocephalus familiaris	Millerbird (+)	4.2		x	[77]
	Acrocephalus stentorous brunnescens	Indian great reed warbler		6.6	x	[50]
	Chamaea fasciata	Wrentit (+)	12.6		x	[77]
	Phylloscopus borealis	Arctic warbler	3.1		m	[77]
	Sylvia borin	Garden warbler		24.0	m	[50]
	Sylvia communis communis	Whitethroat		6.3	x	[50]
Timaliidae	Leiothrix lutea	Red-billed leothrix		15.0	x	[50]
	Turdoides temicolor	Bengal jungle babbler		16.5	x	[50]
Troglodytidae	Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus	Cactus wren	6.3		x	[77]
	Thryomanes bewickii	Bewick’s wren	8.0		x	[78]
	Thryomanes bewickii	Bewick’s wren (+)	7.6		x	[77]
	Thryothorus ludovicianus	Carolina wren	6.1		x	[77]
	Troglodytes aedon	House wren (+)	7.1		x	[77]
	Troglodytes troglodytes	Winter wren (+)	4.1		m	[77]
Turdidae	Catharus fuscescens	Veery	10.1		x	[39]
	Catharus guttatus	Hermit thrush (+)	8.7		x	[77]
	Catharus minimus	Gray-cheeked thrush (+)	7.3		x	[77]
	Catharus ustulatus	Swainson’s thrush (+)	10.1		f	[77]
	Hylocichla mustelina	Wood thrush (+)	8.9		x	[77]
	Ixoreus naevius	Varied thrush	4.8		x	[78]
	Ixoreus naevius	Varied thrush (+)	3.6		m	[77]
	Sialia currucoides	Mountain bluebird	4.8		x	[77]
	Sialia mexicanus	Western bluebird (+)	4.3		m	[77]
	Sialia sialis	Eastern bluebird	8.0		x	[77]
	Turdus migratorius	American robin (+)	13.9		x	[77]
	Turdus migratorius	American robin		12.8	x	[98]
Tyrannidae	Camptostoma imberbe	Northern beardless tyrannulet	4.8		x	[78]
	Contopus borealis	Olive-sided flycatcher	5.9		x	[30]
	Contopus borealis	Olive-sided flycatcher	7.1		x	[78]
	Contopus sordidulus	Western wood pewee	6.1		x	[30]
	Contopus virens	Eastern wood pewee	7.1		m	[30]
	Empidonax difficilis	Western flycatcher	6.0		f	[30]
	Empidonax flaviventris	Yellow-bellied flycatcher	3.9		x	[30]
	Empidonax fulvifrons	Buff-breasted flycatcher (+)	2.0		x	[12]
	Empidonax minimus	Least flycatcher	5.9		x	[30]
	Empidonax minimus	Least flycatcher	8.0		x	[78]
	Empidonax oberholseri	Dusky flycatcher	9.0		f	[30]
	Empidonax oberholseri	Dusky flycatcher	8.2		x	[78]
	Empidonax oberholseri	Dusky flycatcher (+)	8.0		f	[127]
	Empidonax oberholseri	Dusty flycatcher (+)	6.0		x	[127]
	Empidonax traillii	Willow (Traill’s) flycatcher	7.0		x	[30]
	Empidonax virescens	Acadian flycatcher	10.9		m	[30]
	Myiarchus cinerascens	Ash-throated flycatcher	4.9		x	[30]
	Myiarchus cinerascens	Ash-throated flycatcher	9.0		x	[78]
	Myiarchus crinitus	Great-crested flycatcher	13.9		x	[30]
	Myiarchus tyrannulus	Brown-crested (Wied’s) flycatcher	8.0		x	[30]
	Myiarchus tyrannulus	Brown-crested flycatcher	9.9		x	[78]
	Pyrocephalus rubinus	Vermilion flycatcher	5.5		x	[78]
	Sayornis nigricans	Black phoebe	3.0		x	[30]
	Sayornis nigricans	Black phoebe	8.0		x	[78]
	Sayornis phoebe	Eastern phoebe	9.1		x	[30]
	Tyrannus tyrannus	Eastern kingbird	9.9		x	[30]
	Tyrannus verticalis	Western kingbird	6.9		x	[30]
Vireonidae	Vireo atricapillus	Black-capped vireo	7.0		x	[55]
	Vireo bellii	Bell’s vireo (+)	6.9		x	[77]
	Vireo flavifrons	Yellow-throated vireo (+)	6.1		x	[77]
	Vireo gilvus	Warbling vireo (+)	13.1		m	[77]
	Vireo griseus	White-eyed vireo (+)	7.3		x	[77]
	Vireo huttoni	Hutton’s vireo	6.5		f	[36] [78]
	Vireo olivaceus	Red-eyed vireo (+)	10.0		x	[77]
	Vireo philadelphicus	Philadelphia vireo	8.8		x	[77]
	Vireo solitarius	Solitary vireo	7.4		x	[77]
Zosteropidae	Zosterops japonicus	Japanese white-eye	5.1		x	[78]
Pelecaniformes
Anhingidae	Anhinga anhinga	American anhinga	11.9		x	[29]
	Anhinga anhinga	American anhinga		16.4	x	[91]
	Anhinga melanogaster	Darter (+)		16.0	x	[37]
Fregatidae	Fregata ariel	Lesser frigatebird	17.0		m	[29]
	Fregata ariel	Lesser frigatebird	23.5		x	[78]
	Fregata magnificens	Magnificent frigatebird	7.2		f	[29]
	Fregata minor	Great frigatebird	30.0		f	[29]
	Fregata minor	Great frigatebird	34.0		x	[37]
Pelecanidae	Pelecanus crispus	Dalmation pelican		35.3	x	[50]
	Pelecanus erythrorhynchos	American white pelican		54.0	x	[29]
	Pelecanus erythrorhynchos	American white pelican	16.0		x	[37]
	Pelecanus erythrorhynchos	American white pelican	26.4		x	[29]
	Pelecanus occidentalis	Brown pelican		31.0	x	[37]
	Pelecanus onocrotalus	White pelican		51.0		[50]
	Pelecanus occidentalis	Brown pelican	19.7		x	[29]
Phaethontidae	Phaethon aethereus	Red-billed tropicbird	5.25		x	[29]
	Phaethon aethereus	Red-billed tropicbird (+)	10.0		x	[37]
	Phaethon rubricauda	Red-tailed tropicbird	16.1		x	[29]
	Phaethon rubricauda	Red-tailed tropicbird	9.0		x	[37]
	Phaethon rubricauda	Red-tailed tropicbird	23.8		x	[78]
Phalacrocoracidae	Phalacrocorax aristotelis	Shag		14.3	x	[50]
	Phalacrocorax auritas	Double-breasted cormorant	17.8		x	[29] [78]
	Phalacrocorax carbo	Great cormorant	14.3		x	[29]
	Phalacrocorax carbo	Great cormorant	18.0		x	[37]
	Phalacrocorax olivaceus	Olivaceous cormorant	12.6		x	[29]
	Phalacrocorax pelagicus	Pelagic cormorant	17.8		x	[29]
	Phalacrocorax penicillatus	Brandt’s cormorant	9.4		x	[29]
	Phalacrocorax purpurascens	Macquarie shag	13.0		x	[37]
Sulidae	Morus bassanus	Northern gannet	20.3		x	[29]
	Morus bassanus	Gannet		12.8	x	[50]
	Sula (= Morus) bassanus	Northern gannet (+)	25.0		x	[37]
	Sula (= Morus) bassanus	Northern gannet	20.4		x	[78]
	Sula dactylatra	Masked booby	25.3		x	[29]
	Sula dactylatra	Masked booby (+)	23.0		x	[37]
	Sula leucogaster	Brown booby	16.1		f	[29]
	Sula leucogaster	Brown booby	24.6		f	[78]
	Sula serrator	Australian gannet (+)	33.0		x	[37]
	Sula sula	Red-footed booby	21.9		x	[29]
	Sula sula	Red-footed booby	23.0		x	[37]
Phoenicopteriformes
Phoenicopteridae	Phoenicopterus ruber	American flamingo	13.2		x	[29]
	Phoenicopterus ruber	Greater flamingo (+)	33.0	44.0	x	[37]
Piciformes
Picidae	Colaptes auratus	Northern flicker	12.5		x	[30]
	Colaptes auratus ssp.	Northern (yellow-shafted) flicker	9.2		m	[30]
	Colaptes auratus ssp.	Northern (red-shafted) flicker	6.7		x	[30]
	Colaptes auratus ssp.	Northern (gilded) flicker	6.3		x	[30]
	Colaptes auratus ssp.	Common (red-shafted) flicker	7.6		x	[78]
	Dryocopus pileatus	Pileated woodpecker	9.0		x	[19] [67]
	Dryocopus pileatus	Pileated woodpecker	9.9		f	[30]
	Dryocopus pileatus	Pileated woodpecker	9.9	9.4	x	[78]
	Melanerpes aurifrons	Golden-fronted woodpecker	5.7		m	[30]
	Melanerpes carolinus	Red-bellied woodpecker	12.1		m	[30]
	Melanerpes erythrocephalus	Red-headed woodpecker	9.9		x	[30]
	Melanerpes formicivorus	Acorn woodpecker	16.0		m	[80]
	Melanerpes formicivorus	Acorn woodpecker	15.0		f	[80]
	Melanerpes uropygialis	Gila woodpecker	7.8		m	[30]
	Picoides borealis	Red-cockaded woodpecker	13.8		f	[30]
	Picoides borealis	Red-cockaded woodpecker (+)	12.0		x	[69]
	Picoides borealis	Red-cockaded woodpecker		13.0	f	[69]
	Picoides pubescens	Downy woodpecker	11.4		m	[30]
	Picoides scalaris	Ladder-backed woodpecker	4.5		m	[30]
	Picoides villosus	Hairy woodpecker	15.8		f	[30]
	Sphyrapicus varius	Yellow-bellied sapsucker	6.8		m	[30]
Podicipediformes
Podicipedidae	Aechmophorus accidentalis	Western grebe	6.6		m	[78]
	Aechmophorus occidentalis	Western grebe	14.0		x	[41]
	Podiceps auritus	Horned grebe	5.2		x	[29]
	Podiceps grisegena	Red-necked grebe	4.8		x	[78]
	Podiceps nigricollis	Eared grebe	5.2		x	[29]
	Tachybaptus ruficollis	Little grebe	13.0		x	[37]
Procellariformes
Diomedeidae	Diomedea albatrus	Short-tailed albatross	17.3		x	[29]
	Diomedea amsterdamensis	Amsterdam albatross	40.0		x	[37]
	Diomedea bulleri	Buller’s albatross (+)	30.0		x	[37]
	Diomedea chlororhynchos	Yellow-nosed albatross	37.0		x	[37]
	Diomedea chrysostoma	Gray-headed albatross (+)	30.0		x	[37]
	Diomedea epomophora	Royal albatross	58.0		x	[37]
	Diomedea exulans	Wandering albatross	40.0		x	[37]
	Diomedea immutabilis	Laysan albatross	53.0		x	[37] [45]
	Diomedea immutablis	Laysan albatross	37.4		x	[29]
	Diomedea irrorata	Waved albatross	40.0		x	[37]
	Diomedea melanophris	Black-browed albatross	34.0		x	[37]
	Diomedea nigripes	Black-footed albatross	27.7		x	[29]
	Diomedea nigripes	Black-footed albatross	27.0		x	[58]
Hydrobatidae	Hydrobates pelagicus	European storm petrel (+)	20.0		x	[37]
	Oceanodroma furcata	Fork-tailed storm petrel	6.0		x	[29]
	Oceanodroma furcata	Fork-tailed storm petrel (+)	9.0		f	[78]
	Oceanodroma homochroa	Ashy storm petrel	8.0		x	[29]
	Oceanodroma leucorhoa	Leach’s storm petrel	29.0		m	[29]
	Oceanodroma leucorhoa	Leach’s storm petrel	31.0		x	[37]
	Oceanodroma leucorhoa	Leach’s storm petrel (+)	24.0		m	[78]
	Oceanodroma tristrami	Sooty storm petrel	9.8		x	[29]
Procellariidae	Bulweria bulwerii	Bulwer’s petrel	22.0		x	[29]
	Daption capense	Cape petrel	20.0		x	[37]
	Fulmarus glacialis	Northern fulmar	7.3		x	[29]
	Fulmarus glacialis	Northern fulmar	48.0		x	[37]
	Pagodroma nivea	Snow petrel	20.0		x	[37]
	Procellaria parkinsoni	Black petrel	17.0		x	[37]
	Pterodroma alba	Phoenix Island petrel	11.3		x	[29]
	Pterodroma hypoleuca	Bonin Island petrel	10.7		x	[29]
	Pterodroma leucoptera	Gould’s petrel	20.0		x	[37]
	Pterodroma macroptera	Great-winged petrel (+)	18.0		x	[37]
	Pterodroma phaeopygia	Darked-rump petrel	7.0		x	[29]
	Puffinus auricularis	Townsend’s shearwater (+)	5.1		x	[78]
	Puffinus lherminieri	Audobon’s shearwater	19.0		x	[37]
	Puffinus nativitatis	Christmas Island shearwater	10.8		x	[29]
	Puffinus pacificus	Wedge-tailed shearwater	14.0		x	[29]
	Puffinus pacificus	Wedge-tailed shearwater	16.8		x	[78]
	Puffinus puffinus	Manx shearwater	4.8		x	[37]
	Puffinus puffinus	Manx shearwater	30.0		x	[78]
	Puffinus tenuirostris	Short-tailed shearwater	30.0		x	[37]
	Puffinus gravis	Greater shearwater	7.1		x	[29]
Psittaciformes
Cacatuidae	Cacatua moluccensis	Rose-crested cockatoo		25.1	x	[50]
	Cacatua roseicapilla	Roseate cockatoo		26.3	x	[50]
	Calyptorhynchus banksii	Banksian cockatoo		29.3	x	[50]
Psittacidae	Amazona auropaleiata	Golden-naped parrot		49.0	x	[50]
	Ara ararauna	Blue and yellow macaw		43.0	x	[50]
	Ara chloroptera	Red and yellow macaw (+)		30.0	x	[50]
	Ara macao	Red and blue macaw		64.0	x	[50]
	Ara militaris	Military macaw		30.0	x	[50]
	Aratinga holochlora	Mexican conure		22.5	x	[50]
	Myiopsitta monacha	Quaker parakeet		17.8	x	[50]
	Nandayus nenday	Paraguayan black-headed conure		18.2	x	[50]
	Nestor notabilis	Kea		14.4	x	[50]
	Poicephalus meyeri transvaalensis	Brown parrot		34.2	x	[50]
	Poicephalus rufiventris	Red-breasted parrot		33.4	x	[50]
	Psittacus erithacus	African grey parrot		73.0	x	[50]
Sphenisciformes
Spheniscidae	Aptenodytes patagonica	King penguin		26.0	x	[50]
	Aptenodytes patagonica	King penguin		23.7	x	[50]
	Spheniscus magellanicus	Magellanic penguin	13.0		x	[125]
Strigiformes
Strigidae	Aegolius acadicus	Northern saw-whet owl	7.3		x	[26]
	Aegolius acadicus	Northern saw-whet owl	7.4		x	[30]
	Aegolius acadicus	Northern saw-whet owl	7.0	16.0	x	[78]
	Aegolius funereus	Boreal owl	3.4		x	[81]
	Aegolius funereus	Boreal owl	11.0		m	[60]
	Asio flammeus	Short-eared owl	12.9		x	[33]
	Asio otus	Long-eared owl	27.8		x	[30] [33]
	Athene cunicularia	Burrowing owl	8.7		x	[76]
	Bubo virginianus	Great horned owl	17.3		x	[30]
	Bubo virginianus	Great horned owl	20.6		x	[78]
	Micrathene whitneyi	Elf owl	4.9		x	[78]
	Nyctea scandiaca	Snowy owl	10.8		f	[78]
	Nyctea scandiaca	Snowy owl	9.4	28.0	x	[9] [123]
	Otus asio	Eastern screech-owl	14.2		x	[52]
	Otus flammeolus	Flammulated owl (+)	8.1		x	[119]
	Otus kennicottii	Western screech-owl	12.9		x	[30]
	Scotiaptex lapponica	Lap owl		27.0	x	[50]
	Strix nebulosa	Great gray owl (+)	13.0		f	[18]
	Strix nebulosa	Great gray owl	9.0		x	[105]
	Strix occidentalis	Spotted owl (+)	17.0	25.0	x	[56]
	Strix varia	Barred owl	10.1		f	[30]
	Strix varia	Barred owl	18.2		x	[78]
Tytonidae	Tyto alba	Common barn-owl	15.4		x	[30]
	Tyto alba	Barn owl		13.0	x	[50]
Struthioniformes
Struthionidae	Struthio camelus	Ostrich		50.0	x	[82]
	Struthio camelus molybdophanes	Somali ostrich		26.1	x	[50]
Tinamiformes
Tinamidae	Tinamus solitarius	Solitary tinamou		15.0	x	[37]
Trochiliformes
Trochilidae	Archilochus colubris	Ruby-throated hummingbird	6.3		f	[30]
	Archilochus colubris	Ruby-throated hummingbird	9.0		x	[78]
	Calothorax lucifer	Lucifer hummingbird	4.0		x	[126]
	Calypte anna	Anna’s hummingbird	6.0		f	[30]
	Calypte anna	Anna’s hummingbird	6.3		x	[78]
	Lamprolaima rhami	Garnet-throated hummingbird(+)	8.0		m	[31]
	Selasphorus platycercus	Broad-tailed hummingbird	7.1		m	[23]
	Selasphorus platycercus	Broad-tailed hummingbird	12.2		f	[22]
	Selasphorus platycercus	Broad-tailed hummingbird	12.1		f	[30]
	Selasphorus platycercus	Broad-tailed hummingbird	8.0		x	[78]
	Selasphorus rufus	Rufous hummingbird	4.1		x	[78]
	Selasphorus sasin	Allen’s hummingbird	3.9		f	[30]
	Selasphorus sasin	Allen’s hummingbird	4.0		x	[78]
	Stellula calliope	Calliope hummingbird	6.1		f	[24]
	Stellula calliope	Calliope hummingbird	6.0		x	[78]